that were surrounded by alien territory. It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. The Schengen Agreement (English: / n / SHENG-n, Luxembourgish: [n] ()) is a treaty which led to the creation of Europe's Schengen Area, in which internal border checks have largely been abolished.It was signed on 14 June 1985, near the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, by five of the ten member states of the then European Economic Community. The idea was for people, goods and services to be able to move freely across borders. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are signatories to the founding treaties of the union and thereby share in the privileges and obligations of membership. The EU has political institutions, social and economic policies, which transcend nation states for the 123 countries are States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It includes an administrative body of about 32,000 European civil servants. The letter has been signed by 370 scientists from 34 countries who have a range of expertise spanning multiple dimensions of climate, forests, energy, carbon cycle accounting and biodiversity. This is a list of international environmental agreements.. It amends the Maastricht Treaty (1992), known in updated form as As of November 2019, 123 states are parties to the Statute of the Court, including all the countries of South America, nearly all of Europe, most of Oceania and roughly half of Africa. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 included protocols on the UK (a member state at the time) and Denmark giving them opt-outs with the right to decide if and when they would join the euro. Most of the following agreements are legally binding for countries that have formally ratified them. The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome.The Act set the European Community an objective of establishing a single market by 31 December 1992, and a forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) it helped codify European Political Co-operation.The amending treaty was signed at Luxembourg City on The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU). It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the Non-Self-Governing Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 They have agreed by the treaties to share their own sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some, but not all, aspects of government. Resolution 2200A (XXI), and came in force from 3 January 1976. Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples". The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an international organisation established by the Euratom Treaty on 25 March 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe, by developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, economic relations, and human rights. It was subsequently renamed the European Community (EC) upon becoming integrated into the first pillar of the newly formed European Union in 1993. In 1950, the nations of Europe were still struggling to overcome the devastation wrought by World War II, which had ended 5 years earlier. The treaty was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, and it came into force on 1 Purpose: to reform the institutions so that the EU could function efficiently after reaching 25 member countries.. Main changes: methods for changing the composition of the Commission and redefining the voting system in the Council.. Full text of the Treaty of Nice Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. It signed the agreement on 2 May 1992, and submitted an application for Denmark subsequently notified the Council of the European Communities of their decision to opt By August 1941, American president Franklin Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill had drafted the Atlantic Charter to define goals for the post-war world. Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe.Groups may be defined by common genetic ancestry, common language, or both. Out of them 33 are African States , 19 are Asia-Pacific States , 18 are from Eastern Europe , 28 are from Latin American and Caribbean States , and 25 are from Western European and other States . All member states other than Denmark have either adopted the euro or are legally bound to do so. The Treaty originated as the Treaty of Rome (fully the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), which brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best-known of the European Communities (EC). The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). They signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community (EEC), or 'Common Market'. Vatican City (/ v t k n / ()), officially the Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Citt del Vaticano; Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is an independent city-state and enclave within Rome, Italy. The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome) did not include any reference to fundamental or human rights. The EEC Treaty was written a few years after the failure of the European Defence Community Treaty and the European Political Community Treaty.The latter treaty had included rights provisions and Craig and de Brca argue that, in light of that The Lisbon Agenda was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalise the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957, aiming to foster economic integration among its member states. In 1957, building on the success of the Coal and Steel Treaty, the six ECSC countries expanded co-operation to other economic sectors. In the popular language, however, the singular European The 2005 EU Progress Report stated that: "On 29 July 2005, Turkey signed the Additional Protocol adapting the EC Turkey Association Agreement to the accession of 10 new countries on 1 May 2004. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU). The Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed by the EU member states on 13 December 2007, entered into force on 1 December 2009. In most cases heads of state designated plenipotentiaries to sign the treaty, but some presidents also signed on behalf of states which were republics. Burundi and the Philippines were member states, but later withdrew effective 27 October 2017 and 17 March 2019, respectively. The treaty resulted from a diplomatic conference held in Cape Town, South Africa in 2001. At the same time, Turkey issued a declaration stating that the signature of the Additional Protocol did not amount to recognition of the Republic of Cyprus. The conference was attended by 68 countries and 14 international organizations. Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the process of European integration" chiefly in provisions for a shared European citizenship, for the eventual introduction of a single The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain on 7 June 1494, and authenticated in Setbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. The Lateran Treaty (Italian: Patti Lateranensi; Latin: Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman Question.The treaty and associated pacts were named after the Lateran Palace where they were signed on 11 The treaty came into force on 1 March 2006, and has been ratified by 57 parties. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (GA) on 16 December 1966 through GA. A further 31 countries have signed but not ratified the Rome Statute. Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe, or Christendom.Other motives during the wars involved revolt, territorial ambitions and great power conflicts. As an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy.The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all member states, and the operation of The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by 53 senior political figures from the 25 member states of the European Union. The first specific step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied conference that led to the Declaration of St James's Palace on 12 June 1941. Some, such as the Kyoto Protocol, differentiate between types of countries and each nation's respective responsibilities under the agreement.Several hundred international environmental agreements exist but most link only a The Treaty of Rome, or EEC Treaty (officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best known of the European Communities (EC). The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries. Switzerland signed a free-trade agreement with the then European Economic Community in 1972, which entered into force in 1973.. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and took part in negotiating the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement with the European Union. The first diplomatic document to contain the word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1526.: 61 Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. The Commission is divided into departments known as Directorates-General (DGs) that can be Determined to prevent another such terrible war, European governments concluded that pooling coal and steel production would in the words of the Declaration make war between historic rivals France and Germany "not merely unthinkable, but In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the 2007 EU Summit, where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Scottish perspective on news, sport, business, lifestyle, food and drink and more, from Scotland's national newspaper, The Scotsman. However, over the years its The resulting Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurosystem (composed of the central banks of the eurozone countries). Signed: 26 February 2001 Entered into force: 1 February 2003. 53 countries signed the resolution proposing the treaty.
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